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DNS Explained: Complete Guide to Domain Name System & How Internet Works

Content Introduction

This comprehensive guide explains the Domain Name System (DNS) that translates human-readable domain names to IP addresses. It covers the complete DNS query process from stub resolvers to root servers, TLD servers, and authoritative servers, plus DNS record types, security vulnerabilities, and protection methods like DNS over HTTPS.

Key Information

  • 1DNS translates domain names to IP addresses like a phone book for the internet
  • 2DNS queries follow a hierarchy: stub resolver → recursive DNS → root servers → TLD servers → authoritative servers
  • 3Root servers (13 groups worldwide) delegate to TLD servers (.com, .net, etc.)
  • 4Authoritative servers hold zone files with actual DNS records for domains
  • 5Traditional DNS uses unencrypted UDP port 53, making it vulnerable to snooping and spoofing
  • 6DNS over HTTPS (DOH) encrypts DNS queries within HTTPS traffic for privacy

Content Keywords

#DNS Hierarchy

Multi-level system: root servers → TLD servers → authoritative servers for domain resolution

#Stub Resolver

DNS client on your computer that initiates DNS queries and checks local cache

#Root Servers

13 server groups worldwide that manage top-level domain delegations

#TLD Servers

Top-level domain servers that manage specific domains like .com, .net, .org

#Authoritative Servers

Servers that hold actual DNS records and zone files for specific domains

#DNS over HTTPS

Encryption method that hides DNS queries within HTTPS traffic for privacy

#DNS Records

Various record types including A, NS, MX, CNAME, PTR, and TXT records

Related Questions and Answers

Q1.Why is traditional DNS insecure?

A: Traditional DNS uses unencrypted UDP port 53, allowing ISPs and hackers to see all DNS queries and potentially spoof responses with fake IP addresses.

Q2.What is the difference between recursive and authoritative DNS servers?

A: Recursive DNS servers (like Google DNS) help find answers by querying other servers, while authoritative servers hold the actual DNS records for specific domains.

Q3.How does DNS over HTTPS protect privacy?

A: DOH encrypts DNS queries within regular HTTPS web traffic, making them indistinguishable from other web traffic and preventing eavesdropping.

Q4.What are the main types of DNS records?

A: A records (domain to IP), NS records (name servers), MX records (mail servers), CNAME records (aliases), PTR records (reverse DNS), and TXT records (text/verification).

Q5.Can I run my own DNS server?

A: Yes, you can run local DNS servers like Pi-hole or AdGuard that cache responses and block ads, while forwarding unknown queries to upstream DNS servers.

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